This wall appears to have been built in the late 2nd or early 3rd century, certainly between 190 and 225, and probably between 200 and 220.London wall was the defensive wall first built by the Romans around the Londinium their strategically important port town on the River Thames in what is now the United Kingdom, and subsequently maintained until the 18th century. It is now the name of a road in the City of London running along part of the course of the wall. Until the later Middle Ages the wall defined the boundaries of the City of London. Although the exact reason for the wall's construction is unknown, it may have been connected to the invasion of northern Britain. No any proof have been received why this bridge was built. The images below are taken from the London museum and so on…

Purchase of London bridge

American gentleman representing McCulloch Properties, put in a bid of £1,025,000, and purchased it to take back to the USA. The bridge was divided into sections and marked out by numbers, like a puzzle. The sections were then dismantled and shipped of across the Atlantic. It arrived in California on July 5th 1968. After a 240 mile journey to its final destination, the first stone was laid by the then Lord Mayor of London, , Sir Gilbert Inglefield on September 23rd 1968.
It can still be seen there today in a place called Lake Hatsu City, halfway between Phoenix and Las Vegas. It was rumoured that the Americans thought they had bought Tower Bridge and it still holds its glory with it..

London bridge history

Firstly London bridge was just west of the old bridge in 1176, with the wooden bridge left standing until the work was finished. This was just as well really, as the stone replacement took over thirty years to complete! It must have been a major feat of engineering, when you think what was involved without the aid of modern day plant and machinery. The course of the river had to be diverted by the digging of massive trenches, from Radriffe to Patricksey (Battersea), in order to lay the foundations.

Even so, they still had to pile drive from floating barges. This may have had a bearing on the uneven measurements, it must have been impossible to maintain a position while fighting As the bridge was disassembled, each piece was numbered to aid reassembly and those markings can still be seen today. The bridge was reconstructed at Lake Havasu City, Arizona and re-dedicated on October 10, 1971. The reconstruction of Rennie’s London Bridge spans a man-made canal that leads from Lake Havasu to Thomson Bay, and forms the centerpiece of a theme park in English style, complete with mock-Tudor shopping mall. Rennie’s London Bridge has become Arizona’s second-biggest tourist attraction, after the Grand Canyon.the was bridge wos sold to usa at 1,025,000 pound in 1961.

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location 2 gosaikunda

Gosaikunda Lake Location Rasuwa district Coordinates 28°05′N 85°25′ECoordinates: 28°05′N 85°25′E Primary inflows 35 l/sec Primary outflows 60 l/sec Basin countries Nepal Surface area 13.8 ha Water volume 1.472 million m3 Surface elevation 4,380.

lord shiva

Lord Shiva is 'shakti' or power, Shiva is the destroyer, the most powerful god of the Hindu pantheon and one of the godheads in the Hindu Trinity. Known by many names - Mahadeva, Mahayogi, Pashupati, Nataraja, Bhairava, Vishwanath, Bhava, Bhole Nath - Lord Shiva is perhaps the most complex of Hindu deities.The actual image of Shiva is also distinct from other deities: his hair piled high on the top of his head, with a crescent tucked into it and the river Ganges tumbling from his hairs. Around his neck is a coiled serpent representing Kundalini or the spiritual energy within life. He holds a trident in his left hand in which is bound the 'damroo' (small leather drum). He sits on a tiger skin and on his right is a water pot. He wears the 'Rudraksha' beads and his whole body is smeared with ash.its a parr of every hindu to worship daily a image or idol of lord shiva every day

Finally, Lord Shiva drank the water of the lakes and got rid of the pain. This trek provides excellent views of snow-capped mountains, picturesque valley and glimpse of exotic 108 holy lakes with diverse ethnic culture. The three week tour covers Langtang, Gosaikunda and Helambu valley trek.

for hindu

The Gosaikunda area has been delineated as a religious site. Hindu mythology attributes Gosaikunda as the abode of Hindu deities Lord Shiva and Goddess Gauri. The Hindu scriptures Bhagavata PuranaPurana and Vishnu Purana, and the Hindu epics Ramayana and Mahabharata refer to Samudra manthan, which is directly related to the origin of Gosaikunda. To cool down his burning throat, Lord Shiva struck his trident into the rock creating three springs which ultimately resulted in the formation of beautiful lakes.

gosaikunda introduction

This is a very famous holy lake for the Hindus and the Buddhists. Thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit the lake every year during the full- moon festival in August. According to the Hindu mythology, when the God churned the primordial ocean to produce elixir of eternal life, the poison was also produced simultaneously. To save the universe from this poison, Lord Shiva drank it scaring his throat blue in the process.

Thousand of treker visit gosaikuda for religious purpose historical purpose or exploring purpose

Its holy waters are considered of particular significance during Gangadashahara and the sacred thread festival Janai Purnima when thousands of pilgrims from Nepal and India visit the area. Gosaikunda is believed to have formed from the digging of the land by the Trishul (holy three-pointed sword) of lord Shiva after he drank the poison from Samudra manthan and desperately wanted cold water to quench the overwhelming heat.

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old kathmandu

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On a way to Gosaikunda

(750-1200)BS

According to custom, however, in the late 900's, Kathmandu was established by the King Gunakama Deva at the banks of Bishnumati river whose southern limit was marked by the confluence of the Bagmati River and Bishnumati River in a place called Teku Dovan. The pre-existing settlements of Yambu and Yangal were merged into the Kantipur city. The town was planned in the shape of Manjushree sword with the tip positioned to north and the base to the south, with the perimeter of Kathmandu defined by building temples of the eight mother goddesses (Ajima); which still exist today. The important structures built in Kathmandu during this period were the Kasthamandap, amidst temples and narrow streets lined with multi-storey houses around the Durbar square with the old royal palace complex occupying the center stage.The period 750-1200 is considered as a transitional kingdom in power in Kathmandu Valley, though concrete verifiable records are not available. Similar old water spouts, seen at several locations in the city, were a source of drinking water to the inhabitants residing in the vicinity.

The Lichhavis

The Licchavi king Gunakamadeva founded a city in between these two settlements on the bank of Bishnumati river called Kantipur. The city was formed in the shape of a Manjushri's sword mentioned shwayambu puran which was used to drain Nagdaha to create the Kathmandu valley and fortified with 8 barracks which were guarded by Ajima According to folklore, Gunakamadeva dreamt of being asked to found a city by Laxmi (or Kanti so the city was formed in her name, Kantipur. According toNepal Sambat the city is believed to have been founded on the auspicious date of Yenya Punhi, with the founding stone laid by Gunakamadeva at Maru Tole, which is still present. In order to appease relations between the citizens of Yembu and Yengal, the king is believed to have started a festival where the Majipa Lakhe dance of Kone (Yengal) and Pulukishi dance of Yembu (Thahne) were performed together along the main road of the newly formed city connecting the two settlements (now called Gunakamadeva Marg). The festival is still celebrated as Yenya or Indra Jatra today but the main focus of the festival has shifted to Indra and Kumari over a long period of time.

During (400-750)BS

During the reign of the licchavi (400-750 A.D.), two adjoining settlements, Yambu or Thahne (‘Yambu’ in Nepal Bhasa means the field of Kathmandu and Thahne means “northern land") and Yangal/Kone (‘Yangal’ in Nepal Bhasa means the depressed area of Kathmandu, Kone means “southern land") formed Kathmandu, also known as Koligram. Koligram is believed to be settlement of Koliyas, some of whom migrated to Kathmandu valley after maharjanpada era. Yambu is the area north of present-day Makhan Tole, next to theDurbar Square. The southern sector, called Yangal, is also known as Dakshin Koligram; and a neighborhood by this name (Yengal) exists in the city today.

History of my kathmandu

The history of the city of Kathmandu, which is inseparable from that of the Kathmandu valley, dates back to ancient times. Archaeological explorations indicate that Kathmandu and the two other sister towns in the valley were the oldest towns and are traced to the period between 167 BC and 1 AD. Excavations conducted at Hadigaon and Lubhu in southern part of the valley, in Kathmandu, have unearthed brick walls and Stone Age tools. Lord Buddha was also born in 563 B.C in the Kapilbastu of Nepal near the Indian border.
The geological setting of the valley points to the existence of a lake near Chobar gorge on the Bagmati river, below the present Pasupatinath tempel which was a pilgrimage place during the period of the Buddha. This lake was drained by Manjushree, a Buddhist saint, by cutting open an outlet in the southern rim of the valley. As a result the valley that was created was fertile and people started cultivating here and building their homes here. As the valley grew, Manjushree is said to have worshipped Swayambhu on the hillock where the present Swayambhu temple is located. He also founded the city of Manjupatan, which today lies within the present Kathamandu Metropolitan area, located between Swayambu and Guieswori near the airport. He even declared his disciple Dharmakarma as the ruler of that city.
Following establishment of this city, it is said that Krakuchanda Buddha, Kanak Muni Buddha and Kashyapa Buddha visited the Kathmandu valley to worship Swayambhu and Gujeshwari. Prachanda Deva, King of Gaur built the Swayambu stupa encasing the eternal flame and his nephew Gunakadeva was anointed as the King of Nepal. The last ruler of his dynasty, Singhakhetu, brought prosperity to the kingdom. Subsequent to the rule of the Gunakadeva dynasty rulers from India ruled Kathmandu. Dharma Four stupas around the city of Patan, near Kendra Hiranyavarna Mahavihara (called "Patukodon"), 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) away from Kathmandu, is said to have been erected by Charumati, attests to the ancient history.[11]

Rani Pokhari(Queen Pond) temple and Ghantaghar(hour house) are at the heart of Kathmandu.A house in Malegaon in Eastern Kathmandu discovered a life size (171 x 49 cm) standing male figure

carved in pale sandstone, clearly made in the Kusanstyle. The sculpture was donated by an early Licchavi or pre-Licchavi monarch, named Jaya Varman with an inscription on the pedestal. Although the identity of the figure is contested, it is the aurthor opinion that it is likely Jaya Varman himself who is portrayed. It is the oldest known inscription from the Kathmandu Valley. "The inscription on this sculpture, clearly dated to samvat 107, most likely corresponding to AD 185, provides this previously missing evidence, and pushes back the epigraphical documentation of royal rule in the Kathmandu valley nearly three hundred

Addicted to kathmandu

Kathmandu is the capital and, with close to one million inhabitants, the largest metropolitan city of Nepal. The city is the urban core of the Kathmandu Valley in the Himalayas, which contains two sister cities: Lalitpur or Patan, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) to its south and Bhaktapur or Bhadgaon, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to its east, and a number of smaller towns. It is also acronymed as 'KTM' and named 'tri-city'.In the last census (2001), the city of Kathmandu had 671,846 inhabitants. Population estimates for 2005 were 790,612 and for 2010 they stood at 989,273.The municipal area is 50.67 square kilometres (19.56 sq mi) and the population density is 19,500 per km².